3|Bronchiolitis|Common lower respiratory infection of infants under 2 years. Starter article for demonstration — review and expand before teaching from it.
4|Acute otitis media|Middle-ear infection — one of the commonest reasons for antibiotics in children. Starter article for demonstration — review and expand before teaching from it.
5|Kawasaki disease|Medium-vessel vasculitis of childhood with coronary artery risk. Starter article for demonstration — review and expand before teaching from it.
6|Type 1 diabetes — presentation|Recognising new-onset diabetes and [[241|diabetic ketoacidosis]] in children. Starter article for demonstration — review and expand before teaching from it.
9|Asthma in children|Chronic airway inflammation with reversible obstruction. Starter article for demonstration — review and expand before teaching from it.
10|Developmental milestones|A practical framework for surveillance and red flags. Starter article for demonstration — review and expand before teaching from it.
85|Pediatric Surgery|Pediatric surgery encompasses the operative and perioperative management of surgical conditions in children, requiring specialized knowledge of neonatal physiology, imaging principles, and trauma management across multiple organ systems.
86|Infant Of Diabetic Mother|Infants of diabetic mothers develop characteristic complications due to fetal hyperinsulinism triggered by maternal hyperglycemia, including macrosomia, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress, and cardiac abnormalities. These risks apply across all types of maternal diabetes, though [[115|congenital anomalies]] occur only with pregestational diabetes.
90|Pediatric Gastroenterology|Pediatric gastroenterology addresses developmental and acquired disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in children, requiring approaches distinct from adult practice due to growth, development, and age-specific pathophysiology.
91|Pediatric Metabolic Disorders|Pediatric metabolic disorders encompass a diverse group of inherited and acquired conditions affecting nutrient processing and energy metabolism, ranging from inborn errors of metabolism presenting in infancy to [[333|metabolic syndrome]] emerging in adolescence.
95|Pediatric Infectious Disease|Pediatric infectious diseases encompass a broad range of bacterial, viral, and other pathogens affecting children, with presentation, diagnosis, and management varying by organism and clinical context.
101|Normal Development|Normal development encompasses the sequential maturation of motor, cognitive, language, and social skills alongside predictable patterns of physical growth. Understanding typical [[10|developmental milestones]] and growth trajectories is essential for identifying deviations that may require intervention.
105|Pediatric Allergy And Immunology|Pediatric allergy and immunology encompasses a range of hypersensitivity reactions and immune deficiencies with diverse clinical presentations. Recognition of characteristic symptoms, appropriate diagnostic testing, and timely management are essential for optimal outcomes in affected children.
116|Pediatric Critical Care|Pediatric critical care addresses life-threatening conditions requiring intensive monitoring and intervention in children. Early recognition of shock, sepsis, and other critical illnesses, combined with rapid resuscitation and appropriate hemodynamic support, are central to improving outcomes.
119|Pediatric Neurology|Pediatric neurology encompasses the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nervous system disorders in children, requiring knowledge of [[101|normal development]] and systematic clinical examination to detect and localize dysfunction.
120|Pediatric Psychiatry|Pediatric psychiatry encompasses the assessment and management of [[94|mental health]] emergencies and disorders in children and adolescents, requiring systematic clinical evaluation and coordinated care across emergency and inpatient settings.
121|Pediatric Cardiology|Pediatric cardiology encompasses the diagnosis and management of cardiac conditions in children, including congenital heart disease, arrhythmias, and acquired cardiac disorders. Clinical assessment combines physical examination, electrocardiography, and imaging to guide treatment decisions.
123|Pediatric Pulmonology|Pediatric pulmonology encompasses the diagnosis and management of respiratory disorders in children, ranging from acute conditions like [[396|pneumothorax]] to chronic diseases affecting lung structure and function.
124|Pediatric Endocrinology|Pediatric endocrinology encompasses disorders of growth, puberty, thyroid function, adrenal disorders, and metabolic regulation in children. Management requires systematic evaluation and often involves pharmacological intervention tailored to the underlying pathophysiology.
131|Pediatric Otolaryngology|Pediatric otolaryngology encompasses ear, nose, and throat disorders that account for more than 25% of pediatric primary care visits. The field has expanded to include congenital and neoplastic masses, craniofacial anomalies, vascular malformations, and advanced surgical and audiologic interventions.
176|Pediatric Dentistry|Pediatric dentistry addresses the unique oral health needs of children across all developmental stages, emphasizing prevention, diagnosis, and treatment tailored to the child's developmental, medical, and psychosocial characteristics.
179|Sleep Disorder|Sleep disorders in children encompass a range of conditions affecting sleep initiation, maintenance, and quality, with associations to neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and medical conditions. Recognition and appropriate management are essential to prevent daytime impairment and behavioral complications.
192|Pediatric Oncology|Pediatric oncology encompasses malignancies in children with distinct epidemiology and classification from adult cancers. Leukemias and central nervous system tumors are the most common types, followed by neuroblastoma, lymphomas, Wilms tumor, and bone tumors.
197|Breastfeeding Difficulty|Breastfeeding difficulty encompasses maternal challenges such as nipple pain, engorgement, and inadequate milk supply, as well as infant factors including poor latch, ankyloglossia, and illness. Most difficulties resolve with proper support, positioning, and lactation specialist guidance.
220|Pediatric Nutrition|Pediatric nutrition encompasses the science and practice of feeding children from infancy through adolescence, addressing normal growth and development as well as nutritional support in acute and chronic illness.
221|Pediatric Rheumatology|Pediatric rheumatology addresses autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions in children, with clinical diagnosis supported by careful history and physical examination alongside selective laboratory and imaging studies.
248|Hearing Loss|Classification, screening, and evaluation of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss in children, including why universal newborn screening replaced risk-based screening.
258|Otitis Media With Effusion|Distinguishing OME from [[4|acute otitis media]], its diagnostic tools, watchful-waiting management, and which children need earlier referral.
259|Patent Ductus Arteriosus|Physiology, risk factors, and stepwise medical, catheter-based, and surgical management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm and term infants.
266|Tetanus|Clostridium tetani pathophysiology and the four clinical forms of tetanus, plus wound-based prophylaxis rules and treatment with TIG and antibiotics.
267|Thermal Burns|Burn depth classification, the Parkland fluid resuscitation formula, burn center referral criteria, and how immersion-burn physics helps distinguish accidental from inflicted injury.
274|Upper Respiratory Infection|The expected course of a typical pediatric URI, red flags for secondary bacterial sinusitis, distinguishing URI from dangerous upper-airway mimics, and perioperative risk.
276|Acute Pharyngitis|Distinguishing viral from GAS pharyngitis, the diagnostic testing that matters, organism-specific treatment, and why confirming GAS still matters for preventing rheumatic fever.
278|Bacterial Infection|Rates and causative organisms of serious bacterial infection in febrile young infants, the invasive-versus-UTI distinction that shapes treatment, and recurrent bacterial infection in immunocompromised children.
282|Cannabis Use Disorder|DSM-5 criteria for cannabis use disorder, its acute and chronic adverse effects in adolescents, and recognizing and treating cannabis withdrawal and cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome.
283|Cephalohematoma|How to recognize a newborn cephalohematoma, distinguish it from caput succedaneum and the more dangerous subgaleal hemorrhage, and manage its expected complications.
285|Congestive Heart Failure|Age-specific presentation of pediatric CHF, distinguishing it from common respiratory mimics, and the stepwise chronic-to-acute-to-refractory pharmacologic and surgical management ladder.
291|Drowning|Modern drowning terminology and the instinctive drowning response, age-specific risk patterns, the pathophysiology of submersion injury, and scene-to-ED management priorities.
293|Generalized Epilepsy|How generalized-onset seizures differ from focal seizures, the genetics and EEG signatures behind pediatric generalized [[206|epilepsy]] syndromes, and distinguishing benign syndromes from febrile-seizure mimics like GEFS+.
301|Infantile Spasms|Recognizing infantile spasms and West syndrome, their varied etiology led by tuberous sclerosis, the hypsarrhythmia EEG signature, and why urgent evaluation and treatment matter for development.
303|Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis|ILAR classification of JIA into 7 subtypes with their distinguishing age, joint pattern, and lab profile, systemic JIA as a diagnosis of exclusion, and screening for silent uveitis.
304|Milk Protein Allergy|Milk protein allergy spans IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated (T-cell driven) immune reactions to cow's milk protein - including allergic proctocolitis, allergic enteropathy, and FPIES - each with distinct timing, testing implications, and prognosis.
309|Muscle Contusion|Distinguishing simple muscle contusion from fracture or joint injury, RICE-based rehabilitation, myositis ossificans as a complication, and the related but distinct evaluation of [[200|concussion]].
311|Obstructive Sleep Apnea|Recognizing pediatric OSAS from history and exam, confirming it with polysomnography and AHI criteria, and the adenotonsillectomy-to-CPAP treatment pathway and its overlap with asthma.
317|Peptic Ulcer Disease|How pediatric peptic ulcer disease presentation shifts dramatically by age, the role of H. pylori versus NSAIDs, and diagnostic and treatment steps including triple therapy.
318|Phenylketonuria|Why early detection and dietary treatment of PKU prevent irreversible brain damage, the biochemistry behind its characteristic odor and appearance, and lifelong dietary management including maternal PKU risk.
319|Puncture Wound Infection|Managing the classic pediatric foot puncture wound, when to suspect Pseudomonas or deep infection, imaging for retained foreign bodies, and antibiotic prophylaxis for bite-related punctures.
320|School Refusal|Distinguishing school refusal from truancy and ordinary absenteeism, its age-specific psychiatric associations, and why prompt return to school plus a collaborative treatment plan matters for long-term outcomes.
325|Rickets|Defective mineralization of growing bone, most often from [[326|vitamin D deficiency]], producing characteristic skeletal deformity and fracture risk in infants and children.
326|Vitamin D Deficiency|Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D from limited sun exposure or intake, its risk groups, laboratory findings, and the vitamin D doses used for prevention and treatment in infants and children.
328|Compartment Syndrome|A limb-threatening rise in pressure within a closed fascial compartment after trauma, recognized in children by the '3 As' rather than the classic '5 Ps', and treated with emergency fasciotomy.
329|Child Abuse|Definitions and forms of child maltreatment, red-flag historical and physical findings, abusive [[139|head trauma]], and the pediatrician's role in identification and reporting.
330|Herpes Zoster|Reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus causing a dermatomal vesicular rash, generally milder and less painful in children than adults, with distinct risk factors for early-childhood and immunocompromised cases.
332|Spinal Cord Injury|Traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury in children, including the pediatric-specific patterns of upper cervical injury, SCIWORA, and birth-related cord injury, and how management and outcome depend on injury level and completeness.
335|Sunburn|Sunburn pathophysiology (UVB erythema), the treatment approach of cool compresses, analgesia and emollients, and age-based sun protection counseling.
336|Tick-Borne Illness|The major tick-transmitted infections and tick paralysis in children, including relapsing fever, spotted fever rickettsioses, and the prevention measures that matter most.
340|Varicella Zoster|Primary varicella-zoster virus infection (chickenpox) in children — its classic centrifugal crop rash, complications, congenital and neonatal forms, isolation requirements, and treatment.
344|Acrocyanosis|Benign bluish discoloration of the hands, feet, and perioral area from peripheral vasoconstriction, most often seen in normal newborns, and how to distinguish it from central cyanosis and other vasospastic disorders.
345|Acne Vulgaris|Acne across the pediatric age spectrum - neonatal, infantile, and adolescent acne vulgaris - with pathogenesis, distinguishing features, and age-appropriate topical-to-oral treatment escalation.
350|Bacteremia|Bacteria in the bloodstream in children, from occult bacteremia of infancy to catheter- and vulnerable-host-associated bacteremia, its causative organisms, risk stratification, and outcomes.
351|Asymptomatic Proteinuria|The stepwise P/Cr-ratio pathway for asymptomatic pediatric proteinuria - distinguishing benign orthostatic and transient proteinuria from persistent proteinuria needing full nephrology work-up.
352|Cervicitis|Inflammation of the cervix in the postpubertal adolescent, most often sexually transmitted, frequently asymptomatic, and important to recognize before it ascends to [[106|pelvic inflammatory disease]].
356|Cryptorchidism|Failure of a testis to descend into the scrotum, its classification, work-up for possible disorders of sexual development, and the timing of orchiopexy to protect fertility and reduce malignancy risk.
363|Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease|The line between normal infant spitting up (GER) and disease requiring treatment (GERD), its esophageal and extraesophageal presentations, at-risk groups, and management from conservative measures to surgery.
365|Group B Streptococcal Infection|Streptococcus agalactiae infection in neonates and young infants, its early- and late-onset patterns, maternal screening/prophylaxis, and the significant risk of neurodevelopmental impairment after meningitis.
367|Heat Exhaustion|The moderate stage of the pediatric heat-illness continuum between heat cramps and [[295|heat stroke]], its water- and salt-depletion presentations, and the cooling and rehydration measures that treat it.
373|Insulin Resistance|From common obesity-associated insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans to the rare, severe genetic insulin receptor syndromes like Donohue and Rabson-Mendenhall syndromes.
374|Irritable Bowel Syndrome|A functional gut-brain disorder causing recurrent abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in children, its Rome-criteria subtypes, red flags that argue against it, and supportive management.
382|Myelomeningocele|The most severe form of spina bifida — an open neural tube defect exposing spinal cord and nerves — its Chiari II-driven hydrocephalus, level-dependent neurologic deficits, and lifelong multidisciplinary care needs.
384|Nocturnal Enuresis|Involuntary nighttime bedwetting past the age of expected continence, its monosymptomatic versus complicated subtypes, family-history-driven prognosis, and stepwise behavioral and pharmacologic treatment.
388|Phenylketonuria (Pku)|The classic gene-environment metabolic disease — phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency causing severe intellectual disability if untreated, entirely preventable through newborn screening and a lifelong low-phenylalanine diet.
389|Neurofibromatosis Type 1|NF1: the 2-of-7 clinical diagnostic criteria and their typical age of appearance, NF1 gene/neurofibromin genetics, and the periodic-monitoring approach to its unpredictable complications (optic glioma, [[114|learning disability]], moyamoya).
390|Polycystic Ovary Syndrome|The most common endocrine disorder of reproductive-age women, presenting in adolescence with irregular cycles and hyperandrogenism, and why its diagnostic criteria and ultrasound findings differ for teens versus adults.
392|Post-Concussion Syndrome|The minority of concussed children whose somatic, cognitive, and emotional symptoms persist beyond the usual 7-10 day recovery window, the risk factors that predict this, and graduated return-to-activity management.
397|Substance Intoxication|From toddlers who accidentally swallow household products to adolescents who binge drink, the epidemiology of pediatric substance exposure and the stabilize-then-identify approach that applies across all of it.